Juvenile Delinquency And Religion Essays - Criminology,

Adolescent Delinquency And Religion Throughout the years, innumerable endeavors have been made to locate a complete clarification for wrongdoing. The aftereffects of these endeavors have offered potential reasons as being both organic and social. It is as yet begging to be proven wrong with regards to what powers have the best effect on youth wrongdoing, yet it is undoubted that few factors obviously have an effect. The immediate connections a kid has with solid social components, similar to his loved ones, are probably going to give some suggestion of his association in wrongdoing. Notwithstanding, it must be noticed that there are progressively dynamic settings for socialization that additionally exist as potential clarifications for a youngster's conduct. The most conspicuous of these less explicit powers are the media, network, and religion. It has been contended widely that these three components speak to a significant wellspring of misconduct in the U.S. today. Everybody has one after another or another heard all egations against TV, for example, and how it has such deteriorating capacities according to youthful personalities. Similarly normal are the different open announcements about the absence of fellowship among residents of this nation. These grievances are the same old thing to our general public; before TV was attacked, it was radio, and before radio it was funny books. So, these issues simply exist as various appearances of a deep rooted concern. Another, apparently more subtle, part of this contention manages the job of religion in the public eye. In resembling it to misconduct, for all its capacity and impact, religion is substantially more baffling than the media or feeling of network. For one, religion exists on various levels and is very hard to characterize in a manner reasonable to the discussion. Also, the way that religion is such a questionable and delicate subject just muddles the quest for describing and getting it. These hindrances in any case, the multifaceted impacts of religion on wrongdoing have been contended for a considerable length of time. They will probably proceed, as individuals see that religion impacts the conduct of individuals, fills in as a lot of qualities for society, and relates with misconduct in a few different ways. The connection among wrongdoing and religion has been investigated for a long time, with just a bunch of scholars making any immediate inferences. Among hardly any others, three of the most compelling social rationalists of the previous 200 years, Marx, Durkheim, and Weber, have all remarked on the significance of religion to this issue. Marx accepted that religion existed to give individuals a bogus trust later on and to keep them propelled during the present. In achieving this, religion additionally deflected individuals from wrongdoing by making them focus on their social jobs, while overlooking the persecution of defined financial frameworks. Durkheim attested that ?social request could be kept up just if individuals had normal convictions in an option that could be more prominent than themselves? (Jensen and Rojek 309). He considered religion to be exceptionally interconnected with social qualities as it added to lost solid shared bonds between the occupants of Western culture. As people accept more in themselves and less in a more powerful, Durkheim contended, they become less dedicated to a related society and exceptionally inclined to childish demonstrations of disorder. Weber, another recognized humanist, credited social abnormality to strict factors also. He accepted that ?strict organizations were interlaced with different foundations,? adding to both dynamic and backward social turn of events (Jensen and Rojek 309). These three endeavored to clarify the social significance of religion, while just starting to expose its relationship to wrongdoing. Despite the fact that they neglect to satisfactorily develop the subject, the thoughts of these persuasive scholars speak to some essential musings on the strict reasons for wrongdoing, and they have prompted progressive examinations of religion and misconduct. Shockingly, realities about wrongdoing and religion throughout the years have been somewhat garbled, as research discoveries from various examinations have every now and again created repudiating results. Studies have indicated delinquents being less strict than nondelinquents, strictly like nondelinquents, and now and again more strict than nondelinquents. In any event, when contrasts among reprobate and nondelinquent relations to religion have been discovered, those distinctions have been just minor and irrelevant. In one significant investigation by Hirschi and Stark, it was found that secondary school understudies held intriguing social convictions comparative with their congregation participation

Reality of Sports :: Movies Film Basketball Essays

Truth of Sports After watching the movies during this course we see numerous resilient ladies. Female Athletes whose bodies are in top condition from the genuine heroes in the narrative to the female fighter in Girl Fight and the enthusiastic ball player in Love and Basketball. Anyway accounts of genuine ladies are not generally as perfect as those of Hollywood. Disappointment, both intellectually and genuinely, is now and again a brutal reality. Now and then when someone is genuinely harmed it keeps a competitor from the game altogether, if the injury is sufficiently extreme. In any case, one may recuperate genuinely and never have an incredible same mental demeanor. The primary character in this plot will experience both physical and mental set backs and either triumph over her hardships or be vanquished. A fourteen-year old young lady runs into the recreation center of her center school with her colleagues. They do their warm up routine to extend their muscles. Structure one of two arrangements of grandstands a bunch of individuals cheer, for the most part exhausted more youthful kin and guardians supporting their daughters. The containers have been brought down at restricting parts of the bargains. The official sounds her whistle for the game to start. The two tallest young ladies from either group stand head to head postured for the hurl up. Second from last quarter, the away group has the bit of leeway. The multi year old is playing with her entire being of body and heart. The ball is tossed; she catches it. Spilling down the court, she goes for the open lay up. In mid air she is struck by a vindictive for whom tossed the confused pass. They take a hard fall cluttered on the floor, too far out. The young lady from the meeting group holds up. Different doesn't. She is on the floor snatching her knee. The mentors head out to her, and lift her up to return her to the seat. The game proceeds as she sits with a towel over head to shroud the tears of anguish. A couple of specialists later and her joint is still not exactly the equivalent. She battles in secondary school attempting to get back in a group, yet her knee bombs her. Inevitably she gets terrified to try and loops in her patio inspired by a paranoid fear of hr knee's wellbeing. She wouldn't like to keep harming a similar knee inspired by a paranoid fear of getting injured. In the long run she abandons joining a group.

Book Riots Deals of the Day for September 11th, 2019

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Johari Window And Language Communication Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4944 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Abstract ¼Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ In modern society, people can not survive without using language. However, language is like a sword with two edges. On one hand, it is of good advantages; on the other hand, it may cause conflicts and may cause the people fail to achieve effective communications. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Johari Window And Language Communication Business Essay" essay for you Create order Especially in the enterprise managing business, good managers often have to use good communicative skills and principles to make good management push their companies to develop successfully which is the ultimate goal of managing. As for the realization of the good management, it is closely depend on the managers language communicative competence. This essay examines the relationship between management and effective communication, and tries to draw a conclusion of the use of language communicative competence based on Johari Window in enterprise managing. Keywords: language, language communicative competence, effective communication, Johari Window, management. 1. Introduction Language is the way for human communication, and reflects the high level of modern human civilization. Besides, language communication refers to the process which people use the language to express the meaningful information among others. In daily life, people can not survive without any connection of the others, and the communication must be efficient and meaningful so that the good communicative skills are badly required. Unfortunately, this is not so easy at all for most of the people in modern society due to the highly connected relationships with others. The way for people to convey efficient communication is kind of research which involves plenty of language communicative knowledge including communicative principles, strategies, etc. As for this, some scholars have done so many researches on the peoples language communicative competence in all kinds of areas. Take the Johari Window as an example, Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham, the famous scholars, had done the study of lang uage communication, they proposed a window concept model focusing on how to achieve effective communication and this model is known as Johari Window later. It is also should be known that, in the modern business management, the excellent supervisors convey good human relations through the use of appropriate language communicative strategies and the principles with subordinates , and this have so much to do with the communicative modelJohari Window. Therefore, if we take the language communication, Johari Window model and enterprise managing altogether into the consideration; or briefly, we can put the language communication in use in enterprise managing; and thus making the managers language communicative competence become the key point of the their managing efficiency. This will be a new research of the linguistics as well as a new study of the enterprise managing. Based on the Johari Window model and language communicative knowledge, this paper focuses on the above aspect s, and shows the use of language communicative competence under the Johari Window to achieve effective communication and finally achieve the good management in enterprise managing business. The aim of this article is to explain the essential and distinct features of the language communication, and I will emphasize on those features of language that are related to social communication and enterprise managements. Focusing on What is language communication?, What is Johari Window and how can it be explained and used? and How the effective management is achieved by using language communication based on Johari Window in enterprise managing business? ,this paper is a dramatic trial for the new study of language communication. 2. Johari Window and language communication 2.1. Language and language communication 2.1.1. The mastery of language Firstly, when we talk about language communication, the top priority is the mastery of language, for language mastery serves as the essential powerful means of interacting with one another. People who want to achieve effective communication must acquire the language first and so it is with the managers in all the enterprises. No matter how powerful the managers are, they can not avoid communicating with their employers by using language. Thus requiring him or her must be a good language learner as well as a good language speaker. The mastery of language requires people have the basic knowledge of the language they use, which means they have to the rules of how to use language correctly. As for managers, they must be capable of speaking their official language. Suppose the managers are in China at present, so the mastery of standard Chinese Mandarin or Putonghua is a must for those managers who want to use their language competence to win their subordinates trust and support. 2.1.2. The language communicative object Of course, the mastery of language just the basic element and the first step of the language communication .When communicating with others, we have to take Who are we taking with? into consideration, which is the reason why the language communicative object should be the key factor. So in enterprise managing businesses, managers should pay due attention to their communicative objects: their supervisors, their colleagues, their subordinates, and of course their partners. What managers should be mindful is that addressing wisely when greeting or starting conversations with others. In the first place, managers would better to address others according to their positions and identities. Addresses like Master Li, Sir or Madam, Miss, Lao Zhang are used when communicating with them. Secondly, managers also should notice whether the people are educated or not when they are communicating. As for the educated people, paying enough attention to the dictions is considered to be wise, a nd managers may gain their reputation by speaking politely. However, if the managers have noticed that the people who they are going to talk with are not educated, choosing to use plain words is the best option for managers to gain others good first impression on themselves. 2.1.3. The purpose of language communication Generally speaking, the purpose of communication is to send your message effectively to the receivers or listeners. Communication links people who believe in a common cause, together with a view to strengthen relationships. To be more specific, the managers want to achieve the following goals in enterprise managing business. Give orders or assignments, maintain good relationships with colleagues as well as subordinates, enhance the bond of team spirits, improve the working efficiency, and finally achieve good management, which are all the products of the effective language communications between the managers and co-workers. 2.2. Johari Window As a matter of fact, in enterprise managing business, it is not easy at all to achieve effective communications between managers and their co-workers. All these have to rely on the effective communicative theory -the Johari Window Model. 2.2.1. Origin of Johari Window The Johari Window is a creative model of language communication and interaction. It comes from the first names of Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham who created it. Like the happy centipede, many people get along well working with others, without thinking about which foot to put forward. But when there are obstacles, when the usual methods do not work, and when we want to achieve effective communications, there is no other optional choice for us to make but to examine our own behaviors in relation to others. The top issue is that, among other things it is so hard to find ways of thinking about such matters, particularly for people who have no extensive background knowledge in the social sciences. When Harry Ingham and Joseph Luft first presented the Johari Window Model to illustrate relationships in terms of awareness(at Western Training Laboratories , in 1955), they were surprised to find so many people , academicians and nonprofessionals alike , using and tinkering with the model . It seems to lend itself as a heuristic device to speculating about relations. 2.2.2. Explanation of Johari Window The model employs a chart with regions that illustrate four levels of informational exchange between individuals. It is simple to visualize the four regions which represent the Johari Window Model. The underlying concept of the Johari Window is that the open area, or two-way communication enhances interpersonal effectiveness. And when information is mutually held and freely exchanged, organizational productivity will increase. (The brief chart of the Johari Window Model) And the four regions are described as follows. The Region I : the Arena. This region represents information that is known by oneself and known by others or we can say the information is mutually held and exchanged without any obstacles. The Arena is the most productive area in which people can operate within an organization. The larger this region is, the more effective, productive, and mutually beneficial interpersonal relationships can become. The managers who care about team work productivity and effici ency will take steps to enlarge this region to the fullest extent. The Region II : the Blindspot. This region of the chart represents information that is known by others rather than oneself. Blind spot occurs when we fail to pay close attention, or are purposely kept out of the information resource loop. Whatever the cause is, our blind spot area can prevent us from taking needed actions timely or from understanding the purposes of others. Our informational blind spot can reduce our effectiveness at work, even delaying or ruining our career progress. Managers or leaders should be mindful of information dissemination among everyone in the work place, recognizing that those people who are out of the information resource loop can not be maximally efficient or productive. The Region III: The Faà §ade. This region represents information that is known by oneself but not known by others. This information that could be useful to others in the organization but we may purposely withhol d it sometimes, either because we wish to wield power over others by carving out an advantage for ourselves, because we fear that others might use the information to increase their advantages or to increase our disadvantages, or because we simply misperceive the importance to the team of our sharing information with others. Managers must be mindful of hoarded or unshared information in the enterprise organizations. Maximizing organizational progress requires free flow information among all the players in the same group-the enterprises. The Region IV: the Unknown. This region represents information that is not known by oneself and others. This represents the collective Blindspot for everyone in the organization. Potentially useful information that is not known by anyone in the organization is the stuff of which unpredicted breakthroughs could be made if one certain key information were known and acted upon. If the leader wants to keep the enterprise successful and moving ahead of the other competitors, the competition of new information and knowledge by all individuals within the organization and dissemination of that information and knowledge should be transferred into the first region the Arena. Open communication is the key to effective leadership and good management. In terms of the Johari Window Model presented here, this means the managers have to enlarge the Arena to the fullest extent, simultaneously closing down the other three regions of the Johari Window which are less productive. 2.3. Language communication based on Johari Window 2.3.1. The enlargement of the Arena in Johari Window Communication plays a vital role in the success of every organization, successful managers in giant enterprises always build their team that attract people who want to have a dreamful career prospects. And communication just like the glue that holds the team members in the enterprises together. Besides, highly effective communication is a powerful factor in determining a managers good management and in shaping the quality of subordinate practices. One way to achieve this is to develop the Developer style, gaining others trust and getting mutual information shared. Managers excellent interpersonal communicative skills are required if we want to achieve effective communication of which the Arena is the highlight. A develop manager has a larger Arena, which making him the communicative expert who has the highest level of self awareness and mutual understanding .The realization of the enlargement of the Arena requires managers to change their communication styles. In the open area f or both sides or in the Arena, managers can not be more efficient in communicating and managing only when they have the fullest extent of the Arena. 2.3.2. The elimination of the barriers According to the Johari Window model, the efficient way for managers to achieve highly effective communication should be the enlargement of the Arena. As for this, managers have to figure out ways to shrink the other three regions: the Blindspot, the Faà §ade, and the Unknown. And the shrinking of the other three less productive and effective regions takes two important steps. On one hand, the managers have to expose what they have already known to their subordinates. This is so called self-exposure which means the managers give their information to others purposely and this information can not be gained from any other ways. In this way, the open area or the Arena of the managers is enlarged, at the same time the listeners are being encouraged to know more information. On the other hand, the managers have to get feedback from others. The aim of getting feed back is to form self awareness which shows the connection with others. By doing this, managers can form a better unders tanding of themselves and also they can know more about what their subordinates or co-workers need. In a nutshell, the Johari Window is a very simple communication model. However, this very simple model is like a Magic Cube, although it is simply built, yet it functions unpredictably. Managers know how to play this Magic Cube will achieve highly effective management without any trouble. 3. Language communicative competence based on Johari Window in enterprise managing Having discussed the operational mechanism about the Johari Window, managers also have to pay much attention the cultivation of language communicative competence based on the Johari Window if they want a successful management. Being the key factor of the efficient management model, the cultivation of the managers language communicative competence based on the Johari Window in enterprise managing business make it possible for managers to conduct their good management. 3.1. Purpose of language communication in management From some certain angle, we can see that there are communication goals, an intangible chain for management, in the enterprise management. Talking about the intangible chain-the purpose of language communication in management, what the managers really care about are the incoming results and conditions. Generally speaking, it refers to the mission of the enterprises which the managers want to accomplish in the last place. As for enterprises managers, they are urged to achieve the effective communication with subordinates, and the final goal is to accomplish the management progress successfully. Giving orders or assignments, maintaining good relationships with colleagues as well as subordinates, enhancing the bond of team spirits, improving the working efficiency are all considered to be the basic purposes, and the final purpose is the realization of good management. Therefore, as the middle part of the enterprise managing, language communication purpose in management leads manager s the way to accomplishing missions. At the same time, the purpose of language communication also means the function of motivating the subordinates or co-workers to make the entire enterprise working efficiently. 3.2. Principles of language communicative competence In daily enterprise managing activities, language communication is dispensable for managers. A successful and effective communication requires managers not only to know what they are going to say, but also requires managers know how to say their words in an appropriate way, for there is a word goes like this The bare facts of conversation come alive only in a mutually accepted , pragmatically determined context.(Jacob.2001). Managers who want to convey a successful and efficient communication have to start their communications with their subordinates according to certain language communicative principles. 3.2.1. The cooperative principle The Cooperate Principle raised by the American scholar H. Paul Grice is an important pragmatic principle, which consists of four maxims: the maxim of quantity; the maxim of quality; the maxim of relation; and the maxim of manner. As for the maxim of quantity, it requires that speakers should make contribution as informative as is required and also should avoid making their contribution more informative than is required. As for the maxim of quality, it means that speaker should not say what they believe to be false or to say that they lack adequate evidence. As for the maxim of relation, it means that speakers should say things that are relevant to their topics. As for the maxim of manner, it requires that speakers should be perspicuous by avoiding obscurity, ambiguity, unnecessary prolixity, and should be orderly. Based on the communication in enterprise managing, the Cooperate Principle is an important principle that governs a successful communication. 3.2.2. The politeness principle A successful communication needs the cooperation of two sides both the speakers and the listeners, while only with cooperative principle that is not enough. Leech, a scholar, raised another principle the politeness principle to explain why people sometimes should talk indirectly and to show their real purposes. In enterprise managing business, it is of great importance for the managers to use politeness principle to achieve effective communication. The politeness principle raised by Leech is generally considered to be made up of six maxims: tact maxim, generosity maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim, sympathy maxim. As for the tact maxim, it means that speakers have to reduce causing loss for others. e.g. A, manager, wants to borrow the car from B, the subordinate. A: Will you come out this afternoon? B: No, I dont. A: I have a meeting with my friend and I may need your car, so I want to borrow your car for a moment, may I? B: No problem. Fr om the conversation we can see the good use of the tact maxim in communication. It tells that the manager A wants to borrow Bs car, and he uses I may need ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ and may I. Thus, the manager successfully accomplished his purpose easily and the subordinate B has a good feeling abut the manager A, and lends his or her car to the A with pleasure. Second, as for the generosity maxim, it means that speakers have to reduce gaining many profits from others. e.g. Manager A goes to subordinate Bs office , and wants to take the files he forgot taking 10 minutes ago. A: Excuse me; I was here to take the USB driver and some files. I am so sorry that I forgot the file with me. Could I get them back? B: Oh, it dose not matter. Here there are! In this short conversation, both the manager A and subordinate B have used the generosity maxim. They star the communication from the point of others views, and they are willing to take the duty themselves. As a resul t, the communication goes quite well and the purpose of this communication is accomplished successfully. As for the approbation maxim, it means that the speakers would better to increase more chances to praise others. In daily communication, everyone wants to be praised by others. So it is a good way to gain others trust by using appropriate compliments. e.g. The manager A is noticing the B, one of his subordinates, typing very quickly with his article. And the conversation goes like this: A: A nice piece of writing on the test paper. Keep up the good work. B: Thank you sir! Just one single piece of compliment, but its function is dramatic. The subordinate B is definitely encouraged by his supervisor. As for the modesty maxim, it requires speakers to increase the self-disparaging. e.g. The manager A has a good handicraft and the subordinate B is also a good at handicraft. The subordinate B has finished his writing report and hand it to the manager A. A: I thi nk the report is quite good from your beautiful handwriting, and how I wish to have such beautiful handwriting. B: Thank you sir. In the conversation the Manager A disparages himself this way makes the subordinate feel confident and shortens the distance between them. As for the agreement maxim, it requires speakers enlarge the agreements with others. e.g. The manager A has a discussion with some of his subordinate over next seasons proposal. But they do not have the exact same thoughts at last. The experienced manager A finally draws a conclusion of the agreements with his subordinates and put the disagreement behind for further discussion. As for the sympathy maxim, it means to reduce the repugnance of others. Take the smoking habit as an example. Some managers hate smoking very much, yet they allow their subordinates to take a smoke in private place casually. After all , it is of good effect to working sometimes and it may be unaccepted to forbid people smoking. All in total, Leechs politeness principle ties the two communicating parties together with politeness, and its core is to minimize the expression of the impolite benefits. In enterprise managing, managers can be a popular among their subordinates or co-workers on the basis of using politeness principle felicitously. 3.2.3. The reality principle The reality principle is a psychoanalytic concept, and originally it is proposed by Sigmund Freud, which compels people to defer gratification when necessary due to the obstacles of reality. According to this, the reality principle is governed by the ego that controls the instant- gratification mentality of the id. When speakers start their communications with others, they have to be mature and realistic enough to avoid instant gratification in favor of the long-term satisfaction. e.g. The manager A wants to seek a long-term benefit so he gives up the chance to get promoted, while he recommends one of his best subordinates to be his assistant. People may hold the view that the manager A must be an idiot judging from the appearance. However, he will gain more benefits from this by get his subordinate promoted in the near future. This is a specific example for the use of the reality principle. In enterprise management, managers who have a good use of the reality principle can fore see the development of the enterprise prospect and certainly will be good communicators as well as successful managers. 3.3. Strategies of language communicative competence Knowing the principles of language communication is not enough for achieving the effective communication; managers also have to apply some pragmatic strategies in communicating. Based on the effective communication model Johari Window and the language communication causes among people, specific language communicative strategies are required: the avoidance strategy, the cooperative strategy, the delaying strategy as well as the compensatory strategy. 3.3.1. The avoidance strategy The avoidance strategy can also be called the topic shifting strategy which means that speakers can avoid taking the topic they do not mentioned; instead they bring about another new topic and continue their communication. As for managers in enterprise managing, it is a good way for them to shift topics to the ones they want to be discussed. e.g. The subordinate A wants to have a talk with his manager B on the issue of raising his salary. But the manager B does not want to talk about it and he figure out a way to handle this. A: Mr. Paul, Id like to suggest that you can offer me more by 10% per month. B: I would like to, but you should take everything into consideration .For example, the poor sales ratio and the huge expenses. Our company is really in poor conditions. In this conversation, the manager B uses the avoiding strategy and successfully shifts the topic into another so that the subordinate A may not have the chance to come to the original topic on the raising of his salary. 3.3.2. The cooperative strategy The cooperative strategy means the strategy of an autonomous group of person who voluntarily cooperate for their mutual, social, economic, and cultural benefit. In enterprise management, managers are supposed to get their subordinates altogether and start his communications with them in a cooperative way. e.g. The manager A wants to figure out a way for the Performance related pay or briefly the PRP, in order to cheer all the subordinates. He conveys his communication like this, My fellow colleagues, in order to mostly benefit every one in our company. Our company decides to adopt the performance related pay, and Id like to hear the views from all of you. Lets figure out the best option altogether. When managers are communicating like this, the subordinates will feel they are respected and may ask less for their own benefits, and the mangers may enhance their leaderships at the same time. 3.3.3. The delaying strategy The delaying strategy refers to the strategic delays by using the mouth filling words and repeating when people are talking with other. Using the delaying strategy can buy some time for the speakers to figure out better ways to express their ideas. In the discourse conversion, sometimes the communications may have to be cut owing to the lacking of communication backgrounds or excuses. In order to avoid the failing of the communications, speakers can use some mouth filling words to make up for this gap. For example, Well, You know, To be honest are quite acceptable. Sill, we can make up our conversations by repeating. When the speakers are not truly understand about what others purposes, they can say, Sorry, I can not follow you, would you like to repeat it? Briefly, the strategic delays play a good role in avoiding the embarrassment which the managers may usually use in management communications. 3.3.4. The compensatory strategy The compensatory strategy refers to the strategy that speakers use to make communications move on by compensating for the difficulties they meet in communicating. Successful managers who are confronted with communicating obstacles, they prefer to methods to compensate the conversations to make their purposes easily understood by their subordinates. Generally, experienced managers are used to managing the attention and concentration of others. When they have some proposals published in a meeting, the first thing for them to do is to draw the listeners full attention rather than get to the main course directly. By telling a story or sharing some news which is closely related to their coworkers, it reduces the chance of distraction factors at a meeting: playing with mobile phones, chatting with others, turning a blind eye to the business, etc. Also, successful managers always have organized plans when they assign assignments to their subordinates. They have detailed thoughts of the lists in their mind, and they put them in a logic order according to the priorities. In the end, they can easily assign the tasks to their subordinates, and on the other hand the working efficiency is greatly ensured for the subordinates act well with the organized plans given by the managers. However, all the strategies mentioned above are quite useful for the managers on the basis of proper use. 3.4. The application of language communicative competence 3.3.1. The accuracy of using language The accuracy of using language for managers has much to do with the communication results. Managers wan to know achieve this have to focus on the following aspects. Firstly, making language vivid, imagery and moving so that managers can express their thoughts clearly, accurately, persuasively and forcefully. Besides, managers have to make their words clear to be understood and pay attention to their dictions when using rhetorical devices. Last but not least, the use of formal language is better than the use of rare dictions. 3.3.2. The control of others emotion In the enterprises, the emotion of the co-workers is the vital factor of the effective communication. A good manager must have the ability to control the emotions of his subordinates. That way, the information can be expressed to each other successfully and the efficiency of the team is greatly improved. Good managers always have to have a sensitive feeling of their subordinates emotion and make sure it is active. 3.3.3. Timing When communicating with others, the time is also an important factor for the people to take into consideration since it takes time to filter the information for use. Owing to the limited time and other factors, managers may ignore the some key information. Therefore, effective communications should be closely connected with the certain grasp of timing. As for the managers, they can take this easily by arranging a specific time during working or make a schedule for the communications with subordinates off duty time. Whenever it is, one thing should be sure is that the time is suitable for the two parties, the managers and the subordinates, so that communications between them will not be ruined by other things. 4. Conclusion Language is the set of vocal symbols used for human communication, and it is media for people to pass on and conserve the human civilizations. Certainly, the research on how to use language to transfer information and communicate with others is also an important issue. In enterprise managing business, managers convey the effective language communications with their subordinates and co-workers in order to push the enterprises develop rapidly. Therefore, managers language communicative competence has become the significant weights on the managements so that managers must take effective language communications seriously if they want to be successful managers. This paper is a new trial research of language, for it is a combination Johari Window, effective language communication and management. Hopefully, this paper may bring some new thoughts on language communication and enterprise management, further more to enlarge the study of language and communication. References Fairclough, N. Language and Power. London New York: Longman. 1989. Karimnia, Amin; Izadparast, Marziyeh. On communicative and linguistic competence. International Journal of Communication (New Delhi: Bahri). Retrieved June 27, 2012. Lynn Little. Leadership Communication and the Johari Window. PhD 2005 Terry R. Armslrong. REVISITING THE JOHARI WINDOW: Improving Communications through Self-disclosure and Feedback. PhD. Pearson, J. Interpersonal Communication. Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Foreman and Company. 1983.ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚  ÃƒÆ' ¨Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' ¨Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ®Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ºÃƒÆ' ¨Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¯Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­ÃƒÆ' ¨Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¨Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ÃƒÆ' ¤Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ºÃƒâ€šÃ‚ ¤ÃƒÆ' ©Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¨Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½ÃƒÆ' ¥Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ºÃƒÆ' ¥Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¹ÃƒÆ' ¥Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ »ÃƒÆ' §Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ' ¥Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ½Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¸ÃƒÆ' ¥Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ÃƒÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹[J]. ÃÆ' ¥Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¼Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  ÃƒÆ' ©Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¹Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ . 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Serious risks of irreversible damages are present due to air and water pollution, mismanagement of solid waste and destruction of fragile ecosystems. With an estimated 37 percent of its population living in cities, Pakistan is the highly urbanized country in South Asia. Its cities continue to grow, offering employment opportunities, but rapid urbanization has been accompanied by environmental problems such as pollution, waste management, congestion and the destruction of fragile ecosystems. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Issues of Pakistan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Urban air pollution remains one of the most significant environmental problems, facing the cities. We can look into every environment problem one by one and understand that how is it affecting the country and think of the ways in order to reduce the threats it causes to our society. 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It leads to illness, ailment and even death. Mortality and morbidity impose costs on individuals and families which, above the direct costs of treatment and medicine, may include loss of earning and impaired productivity. The Supreme Court of Pakistan has declared, not only that the fundamental right to life includes a clean and healthy environment, but that access to unpolluted water is the right of every person wherever he lives. The Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, which launched its National Water Quality Monitoring Program in 2001, documents the water quality situation throughout Pakistan and submitted its fifth and final Report in 2007. The report examines the water quality of 357 samples taken from 23 major cities, eight rivers, six dams, four lakes, two canals and one reservoir to analyse ontaminants against an array of quality standards. Every major city reported unsafe drinking water. None of the water sources tested in Bahawalpur, Kasur, Multan, Lahore, Sheikhupura and Ziarat was safe for drinking purposes. All of the 22 surface water bodies evaluated in the report were found to be contaminated with coli forms and E. Coli; 73 per cent had a high level of turbidity, three had high concentrations of irons and 27 per cent showed excessive concentrations of iron and fluoride. Approximately, 60 per cent of Pakistanis get their drinking water from hand or motor umps (in rural areas, this figure is over 70 per cent). It is estimated that as many as 40 million Pakistanis depend on the supply of irrigation water for their domestic use. How to cite Environmental Issues of Pakistan, Papers

Negative Vs. Positive In Ancient Greek Life Essays - Iliad, Achilles

Negative Vs. Positive In Ancient Greek Life In ancient Greece there was a belief that an equal, but justified, negative event offset every positive event. Likewise, a positive experience justified every negative escapade. This Greek belief is apparent in the epic Iliad by Homer in the scenes that Hephaistos fashions onto Achilleus' new battle shield. The scenes painted on Achilleus' new shield reflect to the reader the belief that the Greeks had in balance in their lives. In one such spectacle Hephaistos depicts a Greek wedding tradition. Men are leading their wives along the city from their maiden chambers, under flaring torches, as the bride song is played loudly. The people were assembled in a marketplace as a fight has broken out between two men over the blood price for a man who had been killed. The tone of this scene starts off very wondrous and happy. As in Greek tradition an event takes place that doesn't, in this situation, necessarily have a negative effect on the scene but is more of an annoyance to the couples. This fight is an example of how a negative event offsets an enjoyable occasion. In another scene Hephaistos depicts the field of a King whose villagers are harvesting his field in an annual event. Hephaistos describes how the reapers reap the wheat and the sheaf-binders follow to bundle the crop together. As this is happening, the village women are gathering barley for the men to eat as they work. Away from the field, a slaughtered ox is being prepared for all to enjoy. The king stands by watching happily as his people come together for this annual affair. As the workers continue their harvest, herdsmen are taking their cattle out to graze in a field. As the herdsman move the cattle onward, two dire lions grab hold of a bull and begin to kill and eat it. The herdsmen try to set their dogs on the lions but they are unsuccessful. The dogs take a close stand but cannot scare off the fearless lions. This is a great example of the equilibrium in life which Greeks believed in. A village of people are harvesting their annual crop as the King watches on happily. Then out of nowhere, lions show up to capture and eat a village bull. There is no foreshadowing given to the reader to hint to the events coming forth. The occurrences happen sporadically and are quite random, leaving the reader wondering why such details would be included in the painting of Achilleus' shield. The reason is simple. In Greek culture, positive a nd negative went hand in hand. The way the Greeks looked at life, with respect to their reasoning for good and bad events, is very commodious. An ancient Greek man would not walk out of his house, see the sun shining bright and say, ?What beautiful weather! Today will be an excellent day.? The Greeks had a solid grasp of life and knew that as good as life may be it can also become equally worse. Many people today have a misconception that bad events happen once in a while, or that there is a definite reason for why a negative experience has occurred. As result they feel they are having bad ?luck? on such occasions. The Greek culture would have nothing to do with luck. They took life as it came and accepted whatever may be their fate. They made no excuses for why something happened to them but rather turned their cheek and moved onward. Theater

Saved and The Wasp Factory Essay Example

Saved and The Wasp Factory Essay Example Saved and The Wasp Factory Paper Saved and The Wasp Factory Paper Essay Topic: Literature In The Wasp Factory and Saved one obviously apparent theme is the lack of community spirit in the societies. In The Wasp Factory there is no mention of a character who wonders why Frank isnt in school or doing things that other young men do. In Saved there is no mention of anybody making any sort of judgement when Pam goes to meet Fred, somebody who has been jailed for the murder of her baby. Therefore it is important to look into the issue of cultural poverty, as it will make clearer why the characters are who they are and behave as they do. Obviously, Saved is a play and The Wasp Factory is a novel. As Saved is a play the audience physically see characters actions and emotions whereas Iain Banks has to use imagery. The effect of this is that the disturbing images in Saved are there for the audience to see, initially making Saved even more sickening. The setting for Saved is on a bare stage so the plot seems extreme as the setting doesnt dilute the harsh actions and language used in the play but reinforces them. Although harsh actions and emotions are in The Wasp Factory the setting of empty beaches softens these actions, contrasting them with the natural splendour in which they take place. Perhaps Bond is suggesting that his characters have been formed by the environment and uses the setting to illustrate this whereas Banks makes it clear that ugly actions are not dependant on ugly surroundings. The Wasp Factory is written in the first person narrative therefore the reader sees things from Franks viewpoint. The whole book is based on Franks thoughts and actions so the readers perceptions are based on those of Frank. When Frank says that he has killed people he says it casually; the reader isnt as shocked as they should be. Frank says on page 42, Thats my score to date and It was just a stage I was going through when talking about his murders which gives the impression he has no remorse. Saved, as a play on the other hand, actually shows the audience the murder of the baby. Stage directions such as He starts to throw burning matches in the pram and He takes a stone from the pram and throws it at point blank range are actually shown to the audience. Unlike The Wasp Factory there is no escape from, nor sympathy with, the murder of the baby. In both texts the reader feels very close to the main characters and this is due to the language. The Wasp Factory is written in a Scottish dialect e. g. the girl who Jamie meets in the pub says to Jamie Dud he say sumhin er? referring to Frank who is drunk at the time, which makes the novel seem more realistic. This language seems strange to the reader but by using this dialect the language links the book with the time and the setting and this realism involves the reader in the book. In Saved the cockney accent makes the reader feel more involved in the story. In a conversation between Len and Pam on page 82 Pam says None a that ld a appened if yer ain bin ere. Without this accent it would be harder to picture the London setting and characters. Violence pervades in both texts. The extreme details of violence in the texts are sickening to any audience. Even the description of the battle between Frank and a rabbit contains violent images as Frank says how he feared the rabbit tearing the flesh off his finger and how he feared the rabbit biting his nose off. The instances of violence on living things are quite sickening but they pale in comparison to the murder of the baby in Saved and the murders in The Wasp Factory. In Saved when the men are trying to get the baby to sleep Pete says, give it a punch and also that cloutins good for em. These images alone show signs of abnormal behaviour and attitudes. The men then begin throwing stones at the baby with Mike asking Oos got the matches? showing that the characters intend burning the baby, another sickening thought. These disturbing images can also be linked to The Wasp Factory where Frank kills three children. Franks explanation for killing his young brother Paul is on page 67 where he says that Paul was not long for this world. Frank made Paul blow himself up by hitting a bomb with a stick at the age of five. When Franks father asks him about killing living things Frank tells the reader how of course I was out killing things and there just arent enough natural deaths. The innocence of the victims in the texts increases the horror of the audience. The use of innocent victims in The Wasp Factory again highlights Franks mental instability as he almost sees himself as a God like figure. Characters from Saved thought that it was a giggle to hurt the baby and Frank thought that it was his duty to kill the characters in The Wasp Factory for no real reason, all protagonists are seemingly amoral which poses the question whether society is actually amoral. Another point to consider is the portrayal of women in both texts. Frank sees women as weak and stupid in The Wasp Factory and feels that they live in the shadows of men perhaps because Franks mother left at a very early age giving him no real female guidance. Iain Banks wrote The Wasp Factory at the time Thatcher was Prime Minister. Thatcher wasnt a popular figure in Scotland; they saw her as more of a dictator than somebody who was willing to help them. Thatcher had set ideas and didnt really adapt to certain situations. This could be why Banks has chosen to hardly include women in the book at all as he saw Thatcher as somebody who ignored women in his perception. Therefore because of Thatchers influence on Banks life he chose to represent women as a non-existent gender whose only role in the book was to leave their child to live in a one-parent family. However this is ironic as the audience learns at the end of the book that Frank is female, so the destructive character who was anti-female and violent is really a female. When Frank finds this out he says he shivers at the thought of the idea of intercourse and giving birth on page 82; the main female character in The Wasp Factory behaves and thinks as a male. Saved also has a negative image of women. Pam is portrayed as an easygoing woman who would go to bed with anyone. Pam takes Len home without even finding out his name so therefore from the start of the play Pam is portrayed as easy. Pam is reflected negatively, as the audience doesnt have much sympathy for her when her baby dies especially as Pam goes to meet Fred. Fred helped to torture the baby yet Pam still insists he moves in with her, goes to meet him from prison and hopes that they will have a relationship. Pam puts her feelings for Fred above the fact that he helped to kill her baby, which therefore shows how motherhood is represented in Saved. As in The Wasp Factory the representation of motherhood is negative. Similarly Mary is also portrayed negatively by her husband Harry. Harry says to Len that the reason he came back was so Mary could do his washin an cookin', he says that if he left Mary would soon ave someone in my bed so the man to whom she is married dislikes her. It is fair to say that neither Iain Banks nor Edward Bond have any positive images of women in their texts; as they dont include women in any real positive role in their texts as their writing excludes the caring half of society. The majority of the characters in Saved seem unpleasant. Len however contrasts with these characters as he is portrayed as respectable; this highlights the behaviour of the other characters. Len seems a flawless character who acts in the best interest of others. Len explains in scene eight how I lost me job stayin out a elp you when yer was sick! The audience feels sympathetic towards Len, as Pam acts terribly towards him throughout the play. Pam says in scene eleven Es pullin me t pieces. Nothin but trouble referring to Len who was somebody who supported Pam throughout. Therefore in Saved Len is the only real good character, which emphasises the faults in the other characters. There are some very strange relationships in the two texts and it is important to look at these relationships in order to find out why certain characters are shaped as they are. The person who Frank has most contact with in The Wasp Factory is his father, his closest relation. Yet his father tells Frank that he is a man and feeds him male hormones. When Frank does finally find out, through forcing the truth out of his father, he says that his fathers truth had murdered what he was. The man on whom Frank relies is responsible for ruining his life. Therefore it could be said that there are no real relationships in The Wasp Factory and that it is a book made up of individuals. Most characters have their own secrets e. g. Franks the only one who knows about his murders, Eric doesnt tell anybody where he is and Franks father is the only one who knows the real truth about Frank. Frank doesnt really have anybody to talk to apart from Jamie so therefore he spends a lot of time on his own, contributing to his psychopathy. The relationships in Saved are also quite strange. Len moves in with Pam after they had only met once. Pam makes it obvious that she wants Len to leave as she says Why dont e go? and that Lens pullin me t pieces in one of the final scenes in the play. It is Len who stands by Pam throughout the play and looks out for her yet, she would rather have Fred back, somebody who helped to kill her baby. The longest standing relationship in Saved is between Mary and Harry yet Harry says that if he was to leave Mary shed soon ave someone in my bed which shows the lack of faith he has in his wife. Although the characters talk more in Saved than in The Wasp Factory the relationships are still dysfunctional. It could be fair to say that there are more normal characters in Saved (Len, Harry and Mary) than in The Wasp Factory where one of the only normal characters is a dwarf. However for all the talking that is done little of value is exchanged which again highlights the cultural poverty in the text. Linking with relationships is isolation, which is very apparent in both of these texts. Frank is isolated from society as he was never registered as he tells on page 13. This would make him isolated; as he was unable to attend school for example, as officially he didnt exist. However Frank doesnt even want to bother trying to get to know other people, he says in chapter 1 that I dont bother people and they best not bother me and that hes learned to live without people. This could be the reason Frank kills living things. It could be argued to explain his murders, as he was unable to learn societys norms and therefore set his own boundaries. Franks life is based on what Frank experienced. When Blyth killed Frank and Erics rabbits Frank felt the hiding he got from his father was not enough and that Frank wanted to kill Blyth there and then. It is fair to say that as Frank was so isolated he was shaped differently to other people in society. There is a different type of isolation in Saved as the family seem isolated as a group rather than as individuals. The baby is isolated as, apart from Len everybody neglects it. Len says in scene four that he wishes to god that he could take that kid out a this and he listen out for the kid. They ain bothered. The family seem isolated because of the strange events that occur. Stoning to death of a baby and the mother wanting to get back in a relationship with one of the perpetrators seems to go unremarked. As in The Wasp Factory the lack of friendship and communication with other characters from society could have shaped Pam. The only real people she did communicate with that werent family were the people who stoned her baby to death. In both texts the only person to be diagnosed with a mental illness was Eric who was certified insane. Although Franks father says to Frank sometimes I think youre the one who should be in hospital its only Eric who is contained. However Frank obviously has mental problems and perhaps the only reason he hasnt been assessed is down to the fact that he hasnt been registered and therefore he cant see a doctor. Pam suffers from depression in Saved but this is more down to Fred going to jail rather than the murder of her baby. Pam does suffer postnatal depression but this seems to be completely ignored because it poses no threat to anybody but herself. It could be said that based on these texts society only reacts to what threatens society. There is optimism in the two texts, showing perhaps the only way out of the effects of cultural poverty. There are brief scenes of optimism; Frank finding the study door open results in his true identity and Len is optimistic in Saved. He stays with Pam even though she treats him badly. The real optimism however is found right at the end of both books where Frank says, Now the door closes and my journey begins and there are no arguments at the end of Saved, which represents a new peaceful beginning. Lack of education, lack of hope and lack of access to societys norms are all parts of both texts so therefore it is true that cultural poverty is a major theme. Even though shocking images have been discussed I think the ending shows the characters can escape. Frank can start his new journey and the final scene of Saved shows that Pam and Len can fold the radio times without arguing. These two texts are initially very depressing yet we do end in hope. Therefore it could be argued that by the end of both texts the writers offer hope for society and a way forward. They show us that society is our safety net as humanity; if we can be shocked by the murder of a few how can we ignore the needs of many?

SAT Scores for Athletes

How Do Ivy League Schools Recruit ACT/SAT Scores for Athletes SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you a student-athlete hoping to play for an Ivy League school? Then you’re probably curious about the recruiting process. How do Ivy League schools recruit student-athletes? And how can you increase your odds of getting into an Ivy League school as a student-athlete? Read on to learn what the general college recruiting process looks like and how it differs from Ivy League recruiting. After, we'll go over the basic academic requisites you must have to get into the Ivy League, and show you what the typical Ivy League recruiting timeline looks like. Feature Image: Andrew Turner/Flickr How Does College Recruiting Work? First off, what exactly is college recruiting and how does it work?College recruiting refers to the recruiting of student-athletes. Basically, it’s the process of colleges reaching out to current high school athletes (mainly those who have a lot of potential to do well in college-level sports) with the hopes of getting them to apply to and attend their school. Many college sports teams are part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), a nonprofit organization that oversees more than 1,000 colleges and half a million student-athletes. Here’s how the NCAA describes its recruiting process: "Recruiting happens when a college employee or representative invites a high school student-athlete to play sports for their college. Recruiting can occur in many ways, such as face-to-face contact, phone calls or text messaging, through mailed or emailed material or through social media." While colleges that are members of the NCAA may reach out to student-athletes directly, you, too, may initiate contact with colleges and/or coaches you’re interested in playing for. You can read our other guide to learn more about how college athletics recruiting works, but for now, here’s a brief overview of the general recruiting process: Step 1: College coaches make contact with high school student-athletes (or vice versa) Step 2: Student-athletes visit college campuses to learn more about the schools' athletic programs Step 3: Coaches visit high schools to evaluate student-athletes’ performances in their sports Step 4: Colleges offer scholarships to the student-athletes they want to play for them Step 5: The student-athlete makes a (non-binding) verbal commitment to play sports for a certain school Step 6: The student signs a Letter of Intent,a document stating that the student plans to attend and play sports for a certain college in exchange for a one-year athletic scholarship Next up, we’ll look at how Ivy League schools specifically recruit high school students for their college sports teams. How Does Ivy League Recruiting Work? 4 Key Differences We’ve gone over the general college recruiting process, but what about the Ivy League? For the most part, the Ivy League recruiting process is very similar to the process described above. Like other schools,Ivy League schools take time to reach out to skilled high school athletes and evaluate their abilities in their respective sports.After, students offer a verbal commitment to attend the school before submitting their actual application for review. In spite of these similarities, there are four key ways in which Ivy League recruiting differs from general college athletics recruiting. We’ll go over these here. #1: Higher Academic and Athletic Expectations As you likely know, the Ivy League is famous for its academic achievements, low acceptance rates, and top rankings on college lists. On theUS News Best National Universities list, all Ivies are ranked among the top 15 colleges. In addition,acceptance rates for the Ivies range from just 15% (for Cornell) to as low as 6% (for Harvard).These high stakes are evidently part of the reason that academic expectations are so high for prospective student-athletes. While you might assume that strong athletic skills are all you need to play for an Ivy League school, in reality you’ll need to also have top SAT/ACT scores, evidence of a challenging course load, strong transcripts, and an all-around impressive college application. (We’ll go into more detail later about what you need to have in order to get accepted to the Ivies as a student-athlete.) But it’s vital not to forget the importance of athletics in the Ivy League, too. After all, the Ivy League was originally founded as a group of higher institutions that stressed both academics and athletics. Here’s how the official Ivy League website describes the significance of athletics and student-athletes (all bold emphasis mine): "Ivy League schools share a tradition of academic excellence and broad-based, successful NCAA Division I athletics. The Ivy League annually finishes among the top Division I athletics conferences in national competitive rankings, and Ivy League student-athletes earn the country’s best records in the NCAA Academic Performance Ratings, operating under the Ivy League model of athletics as a significant educational component of the student's undergraduate experience." As this quotation emphasizes, the Ivy League isn’t just known for its academia but also for its NCAA Division I sports teams. (There are three divisions in the NCAA- Division I is the highest.) Therefore, what’s ultimately at stake for Ivy League schools when recruiting student-athletes are both their academic and athletic reputations. Women's basketball, Yale vs Columbia (kkimphotography/Flickr) #2: No Athletic Scholarships- Only Need-Based Unlike other NCAA colleges, the Ivy League schools do not give out any athletic scholarships to prospective student-athletes. Rather, they offer only need-based financial aid, and this goes for all applicants- not just student-athletes. Here’s what the Ivy League itself says about this policy: "Ivy League schools provide financial aid to students, including athletes, only on the basis of financial need as determined by each institution’s Financial Aid Office. There are no academic or athletic scholarships in the Ivy League. A coach may assist a prospective student-athlete to obtain an estimated financial aid award, however only the Financial Aid Office has the authority to determine financial aid awards and to notify students officially of their actual or estimated awards." Ivy League schools often give estimates for need-based aid to prospective students and student-athletes.You may compare these offers with any other offers you receive from different schools (including other Ivies). #3: The Academic Index (AI) In order to determine which student-athletes are strong contenders for Ivy sports and academics, the Ivy League established a system called theAcademic Index (AI). This point-based system is used to rank prospective student-athletes on the basis of academic factors, namely GPA and standardized test scores (SAT/ACT and SAT Subject Tests).(It used to include class rank as well, but since fewer high schools calculate this, it’s no longer part of the AI.) According to an article in TheNew York Times, the Ivies created this system in the 1980s as a way to ensure that "no vastly underqualified recruit has been admitted at a rival institution [another Ivy]." While many are aware of the AI, how this number is ultimately calculated is largely a secret. It’s typically said to have a score range of 170 to 240, though other sources claim it usessmaller scales of 1-9 or 1-6, on which either the lowest or highest number is considered best.Due to the confidential nature of the AI, it can be difficult to determine whether you’re likely to qualify for admission as a student-athlete to an Ivy League school. The New York Times article mentioned above states that student-athletes typically need at least a 3.0 GPA and an 1140 on the SAT (this is for the very old SAT from before 2004, however, so its relevance is debatable). Additionally, the minimum AI required for Ivy League schools can vary widely depending on the institution.In other words, the AI needed for admission to Princeton is likely higher than the AI needed for admission to Penn, as Princeton is a higher-ranked Ivy with a lower acceptance rate. You can look for Academic Index calculators online, but know that most are pretty inaccurate and won’t really help you figure out whether you’re on track to getting into the Ivy League as a student-athlete or not. #4: The Likely Letter The final big difference between the Ivy League recruiting process and the general college athletic recruiting process is what’s called the likely letter. This letter is sometimes issued before an official admission decision is given out and basically just says that a student is very likely to be admitted,provided there are no sudden issues with the student’s college application, academic performance, etc. Here’s what the Ivy League website states about likely letters: "This letter means that as long as the applicant sustains the academic and personal record reflected in the completed application, the institution will send a formal admission offer on the appropriate notification date. Only the Admissions Office can issue a likely letter, and only after receiving a completed application and all required materials. Likely letters may not be issued prior to October 1 of the prospect’s senior year in high school." Likely letters are often issued by Ivy League schools in place of Letters of Intent. Since Ivies don't offer any athletics-based financial aid, they cannot offer Letters of Intent(which specifically agree to give student-athletes admission and a year of athletics-based funding). That said, note that likely letters are not always issued to prospective Ivy League student-athletes, and not getting one doesn’t necessarily mean you won’t be admitted. In addition to Ivy League schools, other tier-one colleges in the NCAA might offer likely letters to student-athletes they want to attend their schools. However, the majority of schools follow the general recruiting process and use Letters of Intent. Women's swimming, Dartmouth (D Allen/Flickr) What Do Recruits Need to Get Accepted to the Ivy League? Just being a great athlete doesn’t guarantee that you’ll get accepted to an Ivy League school; you also need to have a strong academic record, complete with a good GPA and high SAT/ACT scores (including SAT Subject Test scores, if required). And you don’t want to flub your application by submitting a subpar college essay or lukewarm letters of recommendation. Below, we explain exactly what you should have to increase your chances of getting accepted to an Ivy League school as a student-athlete: #1: A Rigorous Course Load All applicants to the Ivies, whether you’re a student-athlete or not, should definitely havea record of succeeding in challenging courses.Here’s what the Ivy League states on its website in regard to admissions criteria for student recruits: "Ivy League schools base admissions decisions on each candidate’s academic achievements as well as personal strengths and accomplishments, such as athletic achievement, other extracurricular activities and community service. Remember: To best prepare for admission to an Ivy League school, and as a strong basis for a rigorous college education, you should take the most challenging high school classes available to you throughout secondary school. The following courses are recommended: four years of English; four years of a single foreign language; three years of history/social science; four years of mathematics; four years of science; frequent practice in writing expository prose. Consult the website of each institution for more specific recommendations" These are the general recommended courses for prospective student-athletes to the Ivy League.As noted, be sure to consult individual schools directly for more information on what specific classes you should take to further increase your odds of getting accepted. #2: A High GPA Besides a rigorous class schedule, you’ll have a stronger chance of getting into the Ivy League if you have a high overall GPA. Ideally, you’ll have at least a 3.0 GPA, or B-average. This is a minimum recommendation, though, so know that it's probably better to aim for something closer to a 3.5 (or even higher).Check out our guidefor tips on how to raise your GPA. #3: Strong Standardized Test Scores Part of your Academic Index number will be based on your SAT/ACT scoresand SAT Subject Test scores(if you took any Subject Tests- most Ivy League schools require or recommend them). But what scores specifically should you aim for? Unfortunately, we can’t give you an exact answer as to what good ACT or SAT scores for Ivy League athletes are. What we can do, though, is show you what kinds of SAT/ACT scores admitted applicants to the Ivy League typically get.The following chart giveseach Ivy League school’s 25th and 75th SAT/ACT percentiles: School 25th %ile SAT 75th %ile SAT 25th %ile ACT 75th %ile ACT Brown 1440 1580 31 34 Columbia 1470 1590 32 35 Cornell 1410 1570 30 34 Dartmouth 1410 1580 30 34 Harvard 1470 1600 32 35 Princeton 1470 1590 32 35 Penn 1450 1570 31 34 Yale 1490 1600 31 35 As a student-athlete, you shouldn’t need to aim as high as the 75th percentile, which, at all Ivies, is extremely close to (if not) a perfect score (though there’s of course nothing wrong with aiming this high!). Rather, it’ll be more helpful to use the 25th percentile score for the Ivies you’re applying to as a general benchmark for what you should aim for. And if you can score higher than that, even better! But what about SAT Subject Test scores? Again, it’s impossible for us to give you exact scores to aim for. Generally speaking, though,most admitted applicants to the Ivy League (including non-athletes) score in at least the 700s (out of 800) on their Subject Tests. While you likely don’t need to aim this high on your SAT Subject Tests, definitely shoot for a score that’s above average- if possible, in at least the 75th percentile. Men's rowing, Princeton (Princeton University Rowing/Flickr) #4: An Overall Impressive Application Finally, you’ll need to make sure that your overall application is impressive. This means you should have the following: A cogent and well-written personal statement/essay A strong extracurricular background (Pro Tip: Don’t worry if most of your extracurriculars are sports-related- in fact, this "spike" is exactly what Ivies are looking for in applicants!) Effective letters of recommendation A good interview (if required) Just like any other Ivy League applicant, you must take care to craft a compelling application that will make the school want to admit you.Don’t just assume that your athletic prowess will automatically get you accepted. Even the most skilled student-athletes can get rejected for things such as sloppy essays or poor interviews! Ivy League Recruiting Timeline Overview Now that we’ve gone over what you need to raise your chances of getting into the Ivy League as a student-athlete, you're probably wondering what the Ivy League recruiting timeline looks like. The exact timeline will likely vary depending on the Ivy League school(s) you’re applying to and on what sport you play. For example, look at the differences between the NCAA’s 2017-18 calendars for Division I Football and Division I Men’s Basketball. For the most part, though, the biggest and most important aspects of recruiting will happen during your junior year of high school. There will also be lots of different periods of recruiting, which are defined as follows: Dead Period: Coaches may not have any face-to-face contact with prospective student-athletes but may communicate by email, mail, and/or phone. Quiet Period: Coaches may only meet in-person with student-athletes on-campus and may not visit students’ high schools. They may communicate by email, mail, and/or phone. Contact Period: Coaches may come to students’ high schools to watch them play and may have in-person contact with them, either on- or off-campus. They may also contact student-athletes by email, mail, and/or phone. Evaluation Period: Coaches may come to students’ high schools to evaluate their athletic performances and skills but may not meet with them in-person off-campus. However, they may continue to reach out to student-athletes by email, mail, and/or phone. Here is a very general overview of what you can expect in the Ivy League recruiting process at each grade level in high school: 10th Grade and/or Earlier Prospective student-athletes can make contact with Ivy League schools and Ivy League coachesto express their interest in applying as a student-athlete. (You may begin this part of the process even earlier, in 9th grade.) Students take unofficial campus visits to Ivy League schools they're considering playing for. Wrestling, Cornell (Jenn Vargas/Flickr) 11th Grade September to November: This is generally a quiet period for college recruiting. This means that while Ivy League coaches may not come to your high school to watch you play, you may visit the campuses directly to speak with coaches and may contact coaches via email, phone, and/or mail. Considertaking your first SAT/ACT at this time. December to February: This is typically a contact period, meaning coaches from Ivy League schools may come and watch you play and may meet with you in-person. Spring: Around this time, student-athletes are typically offered at least one official campus visit.This is also usually an evaluation period during which Ivy League coaches may come to high schools to evaluate prospective student-athletes' skills. There will typically be some dead periods thrown in, too, making this is an ideal time toretake the SAT/ACT. 12th Grade July 1 (before applicant’s senior year of high school): This is when Ivy League coaches may give prospective student-athletes' information, such as their transcripts and test scores, to Ivy League admissions committees for a preliminary evaluation. Fall: Students begin officially applying to colleges/Ivy League schools. Read our guide to learn when the most common college application deadlines are. Consider taking the SAT/ACT one last time before your applications are due. Winter/Spring: If you get a likely letter, you'll get it after October 1 but before the school’s official admission decision (which is usually around March or April). Remember that not all Ivies give out likely letters, so not getting one doesn't necessarily mean you've been rejected. Recap: How Do Ivy League Schools Recruit? The Ivy League has some of the most prestigious colleges and also many successful sports teams. As a result, Ivy League schools often look for applicants who are gifted in both athletics and academics. If you're a student-athlete considering applying to the Ivy League, you’ll need to have a strong GPA, evidence of a rigorous course load, and high scores on the SAT/ACT and SAT Subject Tests. Here are the biggest differences between Ivy League recruiting and general college recruiting: The Ivy League has much higher expectations in terms of academics and test scores The Ivy League offers only need-based scholarships- no athletic scholarships The Ivy League uses something called an Academic Index (AI), a point-based system to rank student-athletes based on their GPAs and test scores The Ivy League (and other NCAA Division I schools) often offer likely letters to prospective student-athletes who are likely to be admitted As for the Ivy League recruiting timeline, expect to have the most important events happen during your junior year of high school. This is when Ivy League coaches may begin contacting student-athletes and visiting high schools to evaluate their skills. What’s Next? Got more questions about the college recruiting process? Take a look at our in-depth guide to college athletic recruiting to learn even more about what the process entails. Curious about the NCAA?Read about the differences between the different NCAA divisions, and get the full lists of NCAA Division I, Division II, and Division III schools. Interested in sports but not sure which ones to pursue? Our guide offers tons of helpful tips to help you pick the best high school sport for you. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: